python类中super()和__init__()的关系

网友投稿 241 2022-11-05


python类中super()和__init__()的关系

1.单继承时super()和​​__init__()​​实现的功能是类似的

使用super()继承时不用显式引用基类

class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'creat A ', Base.__init__(self) class childB(Base): def __init__(self): print 'creat B ', super(childB, self).__init__() base = Base() a = childA()b = childB() #输出:

2. super()只能用于新式类中。(把基类改为旧式类,即不继承任何基类)

class Base(): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' #执行时,在初始化b时就会报错 super(childB, self).__init__()TypeError: must be type, not

3. super不是父类,而是继承顺序的下一个类,在多重继承时会涉及继承顺序,super()相当于返回继承顺序的下一个类,而不是父类,类似于这样的功能:

def super(class_name, self): mro = self.__class__.mro() return mro[mro.index(class_name) + 1] #mro()用来获得类的继承顺序。 例如: class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' # Base.__init__(self) super(childA, self).__init__() print 'leave A' class childB(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter B ' # Base.__init__(self) super(childB, self).__init__() print 'leave B' class childC(childA, childB): pass c = childC()print c.__class__.__mro__ #输出: enter Aenter BBase createleave Bleave A(, , , , )

supder和父类没有关联,因此执行顺序是A —> B—>—>Base

执行过程相当于:初始化childC()时,先会去调用childA的构造方法中的 ​​super(childA, self).__init__(), super(childA, self)​​​返回当前类的继承顺序中childA后的一个类childB;然后再执行​​childB().__init()__​​,这样顺序执行下去。

在多重继承里,如果把childA()中的 ​​super(childA, self).__init__() ​​​换成​​Base.__init__(self)​​,在执行时,继承childA后就会直接跳到Base类里,而略过了childB:

enter ABase createleave A(, , , , )

从super()方法可以看出,super()的第一个参数可以是继承链中任意一个类的名字,

如果是本身就会依次继承下一个类;

如果是继承链里之前的类便会无限递归下去;

如果是继承链里之后的类便会忽略继承链汇总本身和传入类之间的类;

比如将childA()中的super改为:​​super(childC, self).__init__()​​,程序就会无限递归下去。

如:

File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__()RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

4. super()避免重复调用

如果childA基础Base, childB继承childA和Base,如果childB需要调用Base的​​__init__()​​​方法时,就会导致​​__init__()​​被执行两次:

'''学习中遇到问题没人解答?小编创建了一个Python学习交流群:711312441寻找有志同道合的小伙伴,互帮互助,群里还有不错的视频学习教程和PDF电子书!'''class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' Base.__init__(self) print 'leave A' class childB(childA, Base): def __init__(self): childA.__init__(self) Base.__init__(self) b = childB() #Base的__init__()方法被执行了两次 #输出:

使用super()避免重复调用,如下:

class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' super(childA, self).__init__() print 'leave A' class childB(childA, Base): def __init__(self): super(childB, self).__init__() b = childB()print b.__class__.mro() #输出: enter ABase createleave A[, , , ]


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